What role do carotenoids play in plants?

Carotenoids play a crucial role in plants by fulfilling two main functions: absorbing light energy for photosynthesis and protecting chlorophyll from photodamage. These pigments are located in the chloroplasts, where they assist in capturing light energy, particularly in the light-harvesting complexes of photosystems. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll does not efficiently capture, carotenoids help maximize the amount of energy available for photosynthesis.

In addition to their role in light absorption, carotenoids also serve a protective function. They help dissipate excess energy, particularly under high-light conditions, which could otherwise lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species. These harmful compounds can damage chlorophyll and other cellular components, so by safeguarding chlorophyll, carotenoids contribute to the overall health and efficiency of the plant's photosynthetic process. This dual function is essential for maintaining effective photosynthesis and protecting the plant's cellular structures from oxidative stress.